Part of Speech

Definition of Part of Speech

The speech parts are the basic parts of an English sentence. There are 8 parts of speech, namely:

1.      Noun is a word used to name abstract people, things, animals, places and concepts. Various kinds of nouns include:

a.       Countable and Uncountable Noun

Countable noun is a countable noun, otherwise uncountable noun cannot be counted.

Countable Noun		Uncountable Noun
Singular	Plural
Book	Books	Wind
Tomato	Tomatoes	Cheese
Man	Men	Sugar

b.      Proper and Common Noun

Proper noun is a specific noun classification which uses capital letters in the initial letters (Jakarta, Gramedia), while common nouns in general (city, shop).

c.       Abstract and Concrete Noun

Abstract noun is a noun that cannot be observed with the five senses (love, romance). In contrast, concrete nouns can be observed with the five senses (book, fluorine).

d.      Collective Noun
Collective noun for declaring a group or group name herd, flock, group, class, family, jury, audience, army, team, troop, government, fleet and others.

    2.      Pronoun is used to replace nouns. This part of the speech is useful for avoiding repetitions of using nouns. Types of pronouns include:

a.       Personal Pronoun (I, you, they, she)

b.      Demonstrative Pronoun (this, those)

c.       Interrogative Pronoun (who, what, which)

d.      Relative Pronoun (who, which, that)

e.       Indefinite Pronoun (anything, none)

f.   Reflexive Pronoun dan Intensive Pronoun (myself, yourself)

g.      Reciprocal Pronoun (each other, one another)

      3.      Verbs are used to indicate the action of a subject, shows an event, or a situation. Various types of verbs include:

a.       Ordinary Verb

Ordinary verb is a original verb or main verb. This verb must be in a sentence and be located after the auxiliary verb or the last of the verbs. Example: visit, study, buy, bring, make, sleep, eat, drink, write, think, etc.

b.      Auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verb is this verb does not have to be in a sentence and is located before an ordinary verb.

Auxiliary Verbs are divided into:

-          Ordinary auxiliary, which is an original auxiliary verb that has no meaning in the dictionary. Example: am, are, is, was, were, been, being, do, does, did, have, has, had.

-          Modal auxiliary, namely auxiliary verbs that have meaning in the dictionary. Example: will, shall, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, have to, used to, etc.

-          Emphasize auxiliary, which is an auxiliary verb which has the meaning of affirmation. This verb has the same meaning as the word really. Example: do, does, did (meaning really or truly).

c.       Linking Verb

Linking verb is a verb that connect the subject with the complement (complement).

-          To be : is, am, are, was, were, be, been.

-          Ordinary linking verb : (become, turn, get, grow) means to be, (remain, stay, keep) means to stay, (look, seem, appear) meaning to be visible, etc.

d.      Transitive Verb

Transitive verb is a verb that require objects. Example: buy, make, eat, say, sell, sing, cut, etc.

e.       Intransitive Verb

Intransitive verb is a verb that do not need objects. Example: sleep, stay, sit, run, walk, go, work, etc.

f.        Helping Verb

It comes with the main verb to give a clearer meaning. Needed in tenses other than simple present or simple past.

      4.      Adjective

Adjective are used to describe nouns or pronouns. Example: angry, beautiful, ugly, smart, diligent, etc.

      5.      Adverb

Adverb used to explain verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Various adverbs include:

-          Adverb of time (yesterday, now)

-          Adverb of manner (softly, quickly)

-          Adverb of degree (very, so)

-          Adverb of modality (likely, maybe)

-          Adverb of frequency (always, sometimes)

-          Adverb of place (here, somewhere)

-          Adverb of focus (also, only)

      6.      Preposition

Prepositions are combined with nouns or pronouns to form phrases (prepositional phrases) that describe verbs, nouns, or adjectives. Example: in, on, at, to, into, with, by, since, for, from, beside, besides, among, between, etc.

      7.      Conjunction

Conjunction is used to connect two words, phrases, clauses or paragraphs. This word is divided into:

-          Coordinate conjunction (and, but, yet)

-          Correlative conjunction (either…or, rather…than, if…then)

-          Subordinate conjunction (after, although, when)

-          Conjunctive adverb (however, hence, then)

      8.      Interjection

Interjection is a short speech used to express emotions. Example: wow, oh no, oops, OMG, poof, yippie, waw, yummy, etc.

      9.      Determiner

Determiner a word to describe an object, what is that object ?, how much?, Which one? For example: each, many, 100, etc. Article (The, an and a) and several pronouns (possessive possessive) are also included in the determiner (My, your, hers, etc.).

Example in the sentence:

"Every" Student

"Many" people (Many people)

Most expensive "car" (most expensive car)

Your "own" bag

"100" visitors (100 visitors)

Types of Tenses

1.      Simple Present Tense

Function:

a.       To express a general/absolute truth.

Formula: 
• (+) S + To be + Noun/ Adjective
• (-) S + To be + Not+ Noun/ Adjective
• (?) Tobe + S + Noun/ Adjective ?
Example:
• (+) She is smart.
• (-) She is not smart.
• (?) Is she smart?

b.      To state a routine work.

Formula:
• (+) S + V1 ( + Object )
• (-) S + Do/Does + not +V1  
• (?) Do/Does + not + S + V1?
Example:
• (+) She eats an apple.
• (-) She does not eat apple.
• (?) Does she eat apple?

2.      Present Perfect Tense

Function:

to declare an action or that has started in the past and still continues to the present or has been completed at a certain point in the past but is still not finished.

Formula:

• (+) S + auxiliary verb (have/has) + past participle (verb-3)

• (-) S + auxiliary verb (have/has) + not + past participle (verb-3)

• (?) auxiliary verb (have/has) + S + past participle (verb-3)

Example:

• I have read the book.

• I have not read the book.

• Have I read the book?

3.       Simple Past Tense

Function:
Indicates work that occurred in the past or when the work has passed but does not indicate that the work or activity has been completed.

Formula:
• (+) S + V2 + O
• (-)  S + did + not + Verb1
• (?) Did + S + Verb1)

Example:
• (+) she ate meatball in the canteen.
• (-)  she did not eat meatball in the canteen.
• (?) Did she eat meatball in the canteen?

4.      Present Continuous Tense

Function:

To state a work in progress.

Formula:
• (+) S + am/is/are + Verb.ing
• (-) S + am/is/are + not + Verb.ing
• (?) Am/is/are + S + Verb.ing

Example:
• She is reading a magazine.
• She is not reading a magazine.
• Is she reding a magazine?

5.      Simple Future Tense

Function:

To state an event in the future.

Formula:

• (+) S + will/shall + V1.
• (-)  S + will/shall + Not + V1.

• (?) Will?shall + S + V1

Bitcoin – Digital Money on the Internet

Bitcoin is an internet currency that was started in 2009 by a Japanese software developer.^{(3) Passive Voice} In contrast to normal money, which is distributed and controlled by the government, there is no central organization behind Bitcoin.^{(1) Passive Voice} You can send and receive Bitcoin money without give your name or address and without pay fees to a bank.⁽¹⁾

Bitcoins are not physical.⁽¹⁾ However, It is buying at exchanges all across the Internet.⁽⁴⁾ You can trade them for normal money.⁽¹⁾ Bitcoins are created by a process called mining.^{(1) Passive Voice} They will be produced by anyone around the world.^{(5) Passive Voice} People compete to solve puzzles using mathematical software. If they succeed they get a certain number of bitcoins as a reward.⁽³⁾

Customers can save their bitcoins in an internet wallet, a kind of software that manages your virtual money.⁽¹⁾ From there you can buy products from merchants who accept bitcoins.⁽¹⁾ You can also sell items and get bitcoins in return.⁽¹⁾ Only your special ID is transferred across the Internet, never your real identity.⁽¹⁾ Not all governments are happy about if new internet currency.⁽¹⁾ Some see it as a way of transferring money, for example from drugs or other illegal activities, from one place to another.⁽¹⁾

The value of bitcoins is determined by their popularity in the world and how they are trusted.^{(1) Passive Voice} If many businesses accept the currency and more people use it to make transactions, its value goes up.⁽¹⁾ Recent scandals around Bitcoin exchanges has made the value of the digital currency go down.⁽²⁾ Towards the end of 2013, the value of the world’s bitcoins was about $1.5 billion.⁽³⁾

Many economic experts see Bitcoin as the currency of the future.⁽¹⁾ However, it is not ready for mass use.⁽¹⁾ The network may suffer from hack attacks and the value of the money is not very stable.⁽¹⁾ Bitcoin has also seen as a playground for money speculators.⁽²⁾

NOTE:                                               NOTE:

     = Noun                                          (1) = Simple Present Tense

     = Proun                                          (2) = Present Perfect Tense

     = Verb                                           (3) = Simple Past Tense

     = Adjective                                   (4) = Present Continous Tense

     = Adverb                                       (5) = Simple Future Tense

     = Preposition

     = Conjunction

     = Article

     = Determiner